ساخت و اعتباریابی پرسشنامه تفکر آینده‌نگر منفی

پوریا  سیف‌پناهی; شهریار یارمحمدی واصل; ابوالقاسم   یعقوبی; محمدرضا  ذوقی پایدر

Authors

Pourya Saifpanahy M.A. in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0008-0009-6824-7250
Shahryar Yarmohamadi Vasel Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Corresponding author https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-6953
Abolghasem Yaghoobi Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1949-6814
Mohammad Reza Zoghi Paydar Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-6363

Keywords:

Negative future-oriented thinking, Exploratory factor analysis, Confirmatory factor analysis, Validity, Reliability, Psychometrics

Abstract

This study aimed to construct and validate the Negative Future-Oriented Thinking Questionnaire and evaluate its psychometric properties in the Iranian population. This psychometric study was conducted through a multistage instrument-development process. The initial items were generated based on relevant theoretical foundations and a review of the literature, resulting in a preliminary 29-item questionnaire. Content validity was evaluated using the judgments of eight experts in psychology and educational sciences and the content validity ratio. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal component analysis with varimax rotation to identify the questionnaire’s underlying structure. First- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses were subsequently performed to examine the measurement model and the relationships between the extracted dimensions and the general construct of negative future-oriented thinking. Convergent validity was assessed by examining correlations between the newly developed questionnaire and Jerabek’s Social Anxiety Scale. The internal consistency of each dimension and the overall questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The mean content validity ratio was 0.88. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin index was 0.94, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was statistically significant (χ²=17,913.50, df=406, p<0.001). Exploratory factor analysis identified three factors, namely “Incompatibility with the Hypothetical Future,” “Future Situation Anticipation,” and “Future Irrelevance,” which collectively explained 66.01% of the total variance. The first- and second-order confirmatory models demonstrated acceptable fit. The respective fit indices were RMSEA=0.059, CFI=0.93 and 0.93, IFI=0.92 and 0.93, and GFI=0.91 and 0.92. The three dimensions and the total score were positively and significantly correlated with social anxiety (r=0.46–0.67, p<0.01), supporting convergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.77 to 0.88 for the dimensions and reached 0.89 for the total questionnaire. The 29-item Negative Future-Oriented Thinking Questionnaire has a stable three-factor structure, satisfactory validity, and adequate internal consistency and can be used to assess negative future-oriented cognition in Iranian psychological research, assessment, and intervention programs.

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