Students’ Cognitive Competencies: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The cognitive status of university students has undeniable effects on their mental health and academic performance. This study aimed to examine students’ cognitive competencies with a particular emphasis on the growing prevalence of artificial intelligence. A systematic review was conducted by searching the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus over the period 2020–2025, using a precise search strategy and predefined keywords. After screening the retrieved studies, 16 articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that students’ cognitive competencies are integrated into attributes such as critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity and innovation, situational analysis, and decision-making. Nevertheless, the higher education system still requires the development and implementation of more robust empowerment programs in this area. Given the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing cognitive challenges that affect students’ mental health and decision-making, understanding and enhancing cognitive competencies can optimize learning experiences and support the development of targeted solutions to strengthen learning strategies, cognitive transformation, mental health, and self-efficacy—particularly in the era of artificial intelligence dominance.