ارائه مدل علی تأثیر سبک‌های فرزندپروری بر هویت و استقلال روان‌شناختی نوجوانان با نقش میانجی‌گری خودکارآمدی

گلنسا  زمانی; احمد یوسفی نژاد

Authors

Golnasa Zamani Master's degree, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding author https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5690-0613
Ahmad Usefynezhad PhD in Counseling Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-7530

Keywords:

Perceived parenting styles, general self-efficacy, identity styles, psychological separation, structural equation modeling, adolescents

Abstract

This study aimed to test a causal model of the effects of perceived parenting styles on adolescents’ identity styles and psychological separation, with particular emphasis on the mediating roles of general self-efficacy and psychological separation. This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of male and female students in Grades 7–12 in Tehran during the 2025–2026 academic year. Using stratified multistage cluster sampling, 290 questionnaires were distributed; after excluding incomplete or invalid responses, data from 263 students were analyzed. Measures included the Perceived Parenting Scale developed by Grolnick et al., the General Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Schwarzer and Jerusalem, Hoffman’s Psychological Separation Inventory, and Berzonsky’s Identity Style Inventory. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationships, and indirect effects were examined using bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples. The structural model demonstrated an excellent fit to the data (χ²/df=1.266, CFI=0.978, TLI=0.974, RMSEA=0.032, SRMR=0.050). Perceived parenting had significant positive effects on general self-efficacy (β=0.376, p<0.001), psychological separation (β=0.482, p<0.001), and identity styles (β=0.349, p<0.001). General self-efficacy (β=0.173, p=0.014) and psychological separation (β=0.194, p=0.011) also significantly and positively predicted identity styles. Bootstrapping further indicated significant indirect effects of perceived parenting on identity styles through general self-efficacy (β=0.065, p=0.040) and psychological separation (β=0.093, p=0.020). Autonomy-supportive, warm, and involved parenting may facilitate adaptive identity development both directly and indirectly by strengthening adolescents’ self-efficacy and promoting healthy psychological separation. Family- and school-based interventions emphasizing autonomy support, competence, and healthy individuation may therefore enhance adolescents’ psychological development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmed, & F. L, M. (2023). Relationship between helicopter parenting and psychological wellbeing in college students. International Journal of Social Research & Innovation, 7(1), 49-70.

Albert Sznitman, G., Van, P., & S, Z. (2019). Exposing the role of coparenting and parenting for adolescent personal identity processes. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(4), 1233-1255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518757707

Basileo, L. D., Otto, B., Lyons, M., Vannini, N, T., & M, D. (2024). The role of self-efficacy, motivation, and perceived support of students' basic psychological needs in academic achievement. Frontiers in Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1385442

Benito‐Gomez, M., Williams, K. N., McCurdy, A, F., & A, C. (2020). Autonomy‐supportive parenting in adolescence: Cultural variability in the contemporary United States. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 12(1), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12362

Bi, X., Wang, & S, J. (2022). Parental autonomy granting and adolescents' life satisfaction: The mediating roles of emotional self-efficacy and future orientation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(5), 2113-2135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00486-y

Costa, S., Sireno, S., Larcan, & R, C. (2019). The six dimensions of parenting and adolescent psychological adjustment: The mediating role of psychological needs. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 60(2), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12507

Di, G., L, L., C, G., G, R., W. A, L., J. E, E., N, P., C, B., E, F., & I, T. (2022). Negative parenting, adolescents' emotion regulation, self-efficacy in emotion regulation, and psychological adjustment. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(4), 2251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042251

Ghosh, & K, T. (2026). Perceived Influence of Parental Control on Adolescents and Young Adults in Identity Formation. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Approaches in Psychology, 4(4), 644: 681-644: 681.

Hayek, J., Schneider, F., Lahoud, N., Tueni, & M, D. V. (2022). Authoritative parenting stimulates academic achievement, also partly via self-efficacy and intention towards getting good grades. PLoS One, 17(3), e0265595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265595

Ibad, M. R., Widowati, S., Arfianto, M. A., Fikri, Z, R., & A, A. (2023). The relationship between parenting style with adolescent identity development in Karangploso district, Malang regency Indonesia. Jurnal Keperawatan, 14(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.22219/jk.v14i01.23156

Jimoh, G., Eni-Olorunda, J., Adubi, & K, A. (2020). Assessment of parenting styles on identity style development among students in public senior secondary schools in Ogun State. International Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 9, 65-73.

Lai, A. H. Y., Chui, C. H. k., Wong, J. K. Y., Leung, & C. T. C, C. (2022). Ethnic identity, perceived classmate support and general self-efficacy in ethnic minority adolescents in rural Chinese school settings. Children and Youth Services Review, 137, 106486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106486

Lee, & H, L. (2024). Career identity among children leaving out-of-home care: Implications on Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy. Children and Youth Services Review, 162, 107727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107727

Li, X., Zhu, J., Yu, & H, L. (2025). Effect of perceived autonomy supports on exercise persistence for adolescents: an integrated model based on basic psychological needs theory and the theory of planned behavior. Frontiers in psychology, 16, 1692940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1692940

Ma, D., Cheung, & R. Y, C. (2025). Parenting approaches and feelings of autonomy among adolescents in two cultures. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 01650254251392364. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254251392364

Miller, M. N. (2019). Adolescent perceptions of parental autonomy support and involvement: Outcomes on adolescent self-efficacy George Fox University].

Mousavi, S., Shahsavari, M. R, M., & Z, S. (2024). The Associations between Parenting Styles, Family Power Structure, and Students' Emotional Autonomy with the Mediating Role of Parent-Adolescent Relationship. Social Determinants of Health, 10.

Oad, L., Zaidi, S. S, P., & S. A, J. (2023). Helicopter Parenting and its Influence on the Children in Pakistan: Thematic Analysis. Spry Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2).

Pavicevic, & M. S, L. Z. (2021). Parenting styles as predictors of adolescents' self-efficacy and subjective well-being. The New Educational Review, 65, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.21.65.3.02

Shengyao, Y., Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, H., Mengshi, Y., Minqin, C., Xuefen, & L, M. (2024). Academic resilience, self-efficacy, and motivation: the role of parenting style. Scientific reports, 14(1), 5571. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55530-7

Soenens, & B, V. (2020). Taking adolescents' agency in socialization seriously: The role of appraisals and cognitive‐behavioral responses in autonomy‐relevant parenting. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2020(173), 7-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20370

Soenens, & B, V. (2025). Studying parenting in adolescence from a dynamic perspective: the case of autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 142-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2023.2282647

Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Van, P., S, B., & W, R. (2017). How to solve the conundrum of adolescent autonomy. Autonomy in adolescent development: Towards conceptual clarity, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315636511-1

Suryani, & Y, N. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Parenting Styles on Teen Independence in Rural Contexts. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 9(2), 1068-1075. https://doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v9i2.2248

Teuber, Z., Tang, X., Sielemann, L., Otterpohl, & N, W. (2022). Autonomy-related parenting profiles and their effects on adolescents' academic and psychological development: A longitudinal person-oriented analysis. Journal of youth and adolescence, 51(7), 1333-1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01538-5

Turda, E. S. (2024). The relationship between personality factors, vocational identity and career decision-making self-efficacy. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training (IJRVET), 11(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.11.1.3

Zhang, L., Jiang, Y., Xu, & M, Z. (2026). Parenting style and interpersonal distress among adolescent Chinese boarding students: a serial mediation model via self-efficacy and social support. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 31(1), 2609495. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2025.2609495